Regular Season | Championship Playoff
Regular Season
Final Tables:
Eastern Conference
1.DC United 34 17 8 9 52-37 59 Eastern Semifinals
2.New England Revolution 34 17 4 13 51-46 55 Eastern Semifinals
3.Columbus Crew 34 14 10 10 52-42 52 Eastern Semifinals
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4.New York Red Bulls 34 13 11 10 55-50 50 Wild Card Games
5.Sporting Kansas City 34 14 7 13 48-41 49 Wild Card Games
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6.Philadelphia Union 34 10 12 12 51-51 42
7.Toronto FC 34 11 8 15 44-54 41
8.Houston Dynamo 34 11 6 17 39-58 39
9.Chicago Fire 34 6 18 10 41-51 36
10.Montreal Impact 34 6 10 18 38-58 28
Western Conference
1.Seattle Sounders 34 20 4 10 65-50 64 Western Semifinals
2.Los Angeles Galaxy 34 17 10 7 69-37 61 Western Semifinals
3.Real Salt Lake 34 15 11 8 54-39 56 Western Semifinals
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4.FC Dallas 34 16 6 12 55-45 54 Wild Card Games
5.Vancouver Whitecaps 34 12 14 8 42-40 50 Wild Card Games
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6.Portland Timbers 34 12 13 9 61-52 49
7.Chivas USA 34 9 6 19 29-61 33
8.Colorado Rapids 34 8 8 18 43-62 32
9.San Jose Earthquakes 34 6 12 16 35-50 30
[Mar 8]
Seattle Sounders 1-0 Sporting Kansas City
DC United 0-3 Columbus Crew
Vancouver Whitecaps 4-1 New York Red Bulls
FC Dallas 3-2 Montreal Impact
Houston Dynamo 4-0 New England Revolution
Los Angeles Galaxy 0-1 Real Salt Lake
Portland Timbers 1-1 Philadelphia Union
[Mar 9]
Chivas USA 3-2 Chicago Fire
[Mar 15]
New York Red Bulls 1-1 Colorado Rapids
Philadelphia Union 1-0 New England Revolution
Seattle Sounders 1-2 Toronto FC
Houston Dynamo 1-0 Montreal Impact
Sporting Kansas City 1-1 FC Dallas
San Jose Earthquakes 3-3 Real Salt Lake
[Mar 16]
Portland Timbers 1-1 Chicago Fire
Chivas USA 1-1 Vancouver Whitecaps
[Mar 22]
New England Revolution 0-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
Toronto FC 1-0 DC United
Real Salt Lake 1-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
Colorado Rapids 2-0 Portland Timbers
Columbus Crew 2-1 Philadelphia Union
FC Dallas 3-1 Chivas USA
Sporting Kansas City 1-0 San Jose Earthquakes
[Mar 23]
Montreal Impact 0-2 Seattle Sounders
Chicago Fire 1-1 New York Red Bulls
[Mar 29]
Philadelphia Union 1-1 Montreal Impact
DC United 2-2 Chicago Fire
Colorado Rapids 2-3 Sporting Kansas City
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-1 Houston Dynamo
FC Dallas 2-1 Portland Timbers
Real Salt Lake 3-0 Toronto FC
Seattle Sounders 1-2 Columbus Crew
San Jose Earthquakes 1-2 New England Revolution
[Mar 30]
New York Red Bulls 1-1 Chivas USA
[Apr 5]
Portland Timbers 4-4 Seattle Sounders
Montreal Impact 2-2 New York Red Bulls
Chicago Fire 2-2 Philadelphia Union
Columbus Crew 0-2 Toronto FC
Vancouver Whitecaps 1-2 Colorado Rapids
DC United 2-0 New England Revolution
Houston Dynamo 1-4 FC Dallas
Sporting Kansas City 0-0 Real Salt Lake
[Apr 6]
Chivas USA 0-3 Los Angeles Galaxy
[Apr 12]
Montreal Impact 1-1 Chicago Fire
Philadelphia Union 2-2 Real Salt Lake
Toronto FC 0-1 Colorado Rapids
New England Revolution 2-0 Houston Dynamo
DC United 1-0 New York Red Bulls
FC Dallas 2-3 Seattle Sounders
Los Angeles Galaxy 1-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
Portland Timbers 1-1 Chivas USA
[Apr 13]
San Jose Earthquakes 1-1 Columbus Crew
[Apr 16]
New York Red Bulls 2-1 Philadelphia Union
[Apr 19]
Chicago Fire 1-1 New England Revolution
Philadelphia Union 0-0 Houston Dynamo
Colorado Rapids 0-0 San Jose Earthquakes
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-2 Los Angeles Galaxy
Columbus Crew 1-1 DC United
FC Dallas 2-1 Toronto FC
Sporting Kansas City 4-0 Montreal Impact
Real Salt Lake 1-0 Portland Timbers
Chivas USA 1-2 Seattle Sounders
[Apr 23]
New York Red Bulls 4-0 Houston Dynamo
[Apr 26]
Montreal Impact 1-0 Philadelphia Union
Seattle Sounders 4-1 Colorado Rapids
DC United 4-1 FC Dallas
Columbus Crew 1-1 New York Red Bulls
New England Revolution 2-0 Sporting Kansas City
Real Salt Lake 2-2 Vancouver Whitecaps
San Jose Earthquakes 1-0 Chivas USA
[Apr 27]
Houston Dynamo 1-1 Portland Timbers
[May 3]
Toronto FC 1-2 New England Revolution
Vancouver Whitecaps 3-2 San Jose Earthquakes
Chicago Fire 2-3 Real Salt Lake
Colorado Rapids 1-0 Los Angeles Galaxy
Seattle Sounders 2-1 Philadelphia Union
Chivas USA 1-4 Houston Dynamo
Portland Timbers 3-2 DC United
[May 4]
FC Dallas 0-1 New York Red Bulls
Sporting Kansas City 2-0 Columbus Crew
[May 7]
Houston Dynamo 1-0 Columbus Crew
Seattle Sounders 2-1 FC Dallas
San Jose Earthquakes 0-0 Colorado Rapids
[May 10]
Montreal Impact 0-3 Sporting Kansas City
Philadelphia Union 0-1 DC United
New York Red Bulls 4-5 Chicago Fire
Columbus Crew 0-1 Vancouver Whitecaps
San Jose Earthquakes 2-1 FC Dallas
[May 11]
Portland Timbers 1-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
Colorado Rapids 1-3 Chivas USA
New England Revolution 5-0 Seattle Sounders
Houston Dynamo 2-5 Real Salt Lake
[May 14]
Sporting Kansas City 1-2 Philadelphia Union
[May 17]
Toronto FC 2-0 New York Red Bulls
DC United 1-1 Montreal Impact
Philadelphia Union 3-5 New England Revolution
FC Dallas 1-1 Chivas USA
Houston Dynamo 1-0 Los Angeles Galaxy
Real Salt Lake 2-1 Colorado Rapids
Seattle Sounders 1-0 San Jose Earthquakes
Portland Timbers 3-3 Columbus Crew
[May 18]
Chicago Fire 2-1 Sporting Kansas City
[May 21]
DC United 2-0 Houston Dynamo
Los Angeles Galaxy 2-1 FC Dallas
[May 23]
Sporting Kansas City 2-2 Toronto FC
[May 24]
New York Red Bulls 1-2 Portland Timbers
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-2 Seattle Sounders
Columbus Crew 2-0 Chicago Fire
New England Revolution 2-1 DC United
Colorado Rapids 4-1 Montreal Impact
Real Salt Lake 0-0 FC Dallas
[May 25]
Los Angeles Galaxy 4-1 Philadelphia Union
San Jose Earthquakes 3-0 Houston Dynamo
[May 27]
Sporting Kansas City 1-1 New York Red Bulls
[May 28]
Chivas USA 0-2 Portland Timbers
[May 31]
Seattle Sounders 4-0 Real Salt Lake
Toronto FC 3-2 Columbus Crew
DC United 1-0 Sporting Kansas City
Montreal Impact 2-0 New England Revolution
FC Dallas 1-2 San Jose Earthquakes
Chivas USA 0-3 Philadelphia Union
[Jun 1]
Chicago Fire 1-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
Colorado Rapids 3-0 Houston Dynamo
Portland Timbers 3-4 Vancouver Whitecaps
[Jun 4]
Colorado Rapids 0-0 Chicago Fire
Columbus Crew 1-1 Real Salt Lake
[Jun 6]
Houston Dynamo 0-2 Sporting Kansas City
[Jun 7]
Toronto FC 1-0 San Jose Earthquakes
DC United 0-0 Columbus Crew
Philadelphia Union 3-3 Vancouver Whitecaps
Chicago Fire 2-3 Seattle Sounders
FC Dallas 3-2 Colorado Rapids
Real Salt Lake 1-3 Portland Timbers
[Jun 8]
New England Revolution 0-2 New York Red Bulls
Los Angeles Galaxy 1-1 Chivas USA
[Jun 11]
Montreal Impact 2-4 DC United
Portland Timbers 2-2 FC Dallas
[Jun 25]
Vancouver Whitecaps 0-0 Montreal Impact
[Jun 27]
New York Red Bulls 2-2 Toronto FC
Portland Timbers 0-1 Sporting Kansas City
[Jun 28]
DC United 0-1 Seattle Sounders
New England Revolution 1-3 Philadelphia Union
Colorado Rapids 2-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
San Jose Earthquakes 0-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
Chivas USA 1-0 Real Salt Lake
[Jun 29]
Columbus Crew 0-0 FC Dallas
Montreal Impact 3-0 Houston Dynamo
[Jul 2]
Chicago Fire 1-1 Toronto FC
San Jose Earthquakes 0-1 Chivas USA
[Jul 4]
Houston Dynamo 2-2 New York Red Bulls
FC Dallas 2-1 Philadelphia Union
Colorado Rapids 1-1 Columbus Crew
Real Salt Lake 2-1 New England Revolution
Los Angeles Galaxy 2-2 Portland Timbers
[Jul 5]
Toronto FC 1-2 DC United
Vancouver Whitecaps 1-0 Seattle Sounders
Chivas USA 1-0 Montreal Impact
[Jul 6]
Sporting Kansas City 1-1 Chicago Fire
[Jul 11]
San Jose Earthquakes 1-2 DC United
[Jul 12]
Toronto FC 4-2 Houston Dynamo
Philadelphia Union 3-3 Colorado Rapids
New York Red Bulls 4-1 Columbus Crew
Montreal Impact 1-2 Sporting Kansas City
New England Revolution 0-1 Chicago Fire
Vancouver Whitecaps 1-3 Chivas USA
Los Angeles Galaxy 1-0 Real Salt Lake
[Jul 13]
Seattle Sounders 2-0 Portland Timbers
[Jul 16]
Philadelphia Union 3-1 New York Red Bulls
Columbus Crew 1-2 Sporting Kansas City
Toronto FC 1-1 Vancouver Whitecaps
Los Angeles Galaxy 5-1 New England Revolution
[Jul 18]
Portland Timbers 2-1 Colorado Rapids
[Jul 19]
Sporting Kansas City 2-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
New York Red Bulls 1-1 San Jose Earthquakes
Columbus Crew 2-1 Montreal Impact
Chicago Fire 1-1 Philadelphia Union
Houston Dynamo 2-2 Toronto FC
FC Dallas 2-0 New England Revolution
Real Salt Lake 1-1 Vancouver Whitecaps
[Jul 20]
DC United 3-1 Chivas USA
[Jul 23]
San Jose Earthquakes 5-1 Chicago Fire
[Jul 24]
Real Salt Lake 3-1 Montreal Impact
[Jul 25]
Colorado Rapids 3-0 Chivas USA
[Jul 26]
Toronto FC 1-2 Sporting Kansas City
New England Revolution 1-2 Columbus Crew
[Jul 27]
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-2 FC Dallas
Montreal Impact 2-3 Portland Timbers
[Jul 28]
Seattle Sounders 0-3 Los Angeles Galaxy
[Jul 30]
DC United 3-0 Toronto FC
New England Revolution 3-0 Colorado Rapids
Chicago Fire 0-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
Real Salt Lake 1-1 New York Red Bulls
[Aug 1]
Sporting Kansas City 1-1 Philadelphia Union
[Aug 2]
Los Angeles Galaxy 3-1 Portland Timbers
Montreal Impact 0-2 Toronto FC
New York Red Bulls 2-1 New England Revolution
Chicago Fire 1-1 Columbus Crew
Colorado Rapids 0-1 Real Salt Lake
San Jose Earthquakes 1-0 Seattle Sounders
[Aug 3]
Houston Dynamo 1-0 DC United
Chivas USA 0-1 FC Dallas
[Aug 8]
Los Angeles Galaxy 2-2 San Jose Earthquakes
[Aug 9]
Philadelphia Union 2-1 Montreal Impact
Columbus Crew 2-3 Toronto FC
FC Dallas 3-1 Colorado Rapids
Real Salt Lake 3-0 DC United
Portland Timbers 2-0 Chivas USA
[Aug 10]
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-0 Sporting Kansas City
Chicago Fire 1-0 New York Red Bulls
Seattle Sounders 2-0 Houston Dynamo
[Aug 15]
Houston Dynamo 2-0 Philadelphia Union
[Aug 16]
Real Salt Lake 2-1 Seattle Sounders
Montreal Impact 1-0 Chicago Fire
New England Revolution 1-1 Portland Timbers
Columbus Crew 4-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
Sporting Kansas City 4-1 Toronto FC
Chivas USA 0-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
San Jose Earthquakes 0-5 FC Dallas
[Aug 17]
DC United 4-2 Colorado Rapids
[Aug 20]
Colorado Rapids 3-4 Los Angeles Galaxy
Seattle Sounders 1-1 San Jose Earthquakes
[Aug 22]
FC Dallas 2-1 Real Salt Lake
[Aug 23]
Toronto FC 2-2 Chicago Fire
New York Red Bulls 4-2 Montreal Impact
New England Revolution 1-0 Chivas USA
Columbus Crew 3-0 Houston Dynamo
Sporting Kansas City 0-3 DC United
Los Angeles Galaxy 2-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
[Aug 24]
Portland Timbers 2-4 Seattle Sounders
Philadelphia Union 4-2 San Jose Earthquakes
[Aug 27]
Los Angeles Galaxy 4-1 DC United
[Aug 29]
Sporting Kansas City 1-3 Houston Dynamo
[Aug 30]
Seattle Sounders 1-0 Colorado Rapids
Toronto FC 0-3 New England Revolution
Montreal Impact 2-0 Columbus Crew
Chicago Fire 1-0 FC Dallas
Vancouver Whitecaps 0-3 Portland Timbers
San Jose Earthquakes 1-1 Real Salt Lake
[Aug 31]
DC United 2-0 New York Red Bulls
Chivas USA 0-3 Los Angeles Galaxy
[Sep 3]
Philadelphia Union 1-0 Toronto FC
New England Revolution 3-1 Sporting Kansas City
Chivas USA 2-4 Seattle Sounders
[Sep 5]
Los Angeles Galaxy 6-0 Colorado Rapids
[Sep 6]
Toronto FC 0-2 Philadelphia Union
New York Red Bulls 2-1 Sporting Kansas City
Houston Dynamo 3-2 Montreal Impact
Vancouver Whitecaps 0-0 DC United
Real Salt Lake 2-1 FC Dallas
[Sep 7]
Columbus Crew 3-0 Chivas USA
Portland Timbers 3-3 San Jose Earthquakes
New England Revolution 2-1 Chicago Fire
[Sep 10]
Montreal Impact 2-2 Los Angeles Galaxy
New York Red Bulls 1-0 DC United
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-0 San Jose Earthquakes
[Sep 12]
Seattle Sounders 3-2 Real Salt Lake
Chivas USA 0-4 Sporting Kansas City
[Sep 13]
Philadelphia Union 2-2 New York Red Bulls
New England Revolution 2-1 Montreal Impact
Houston Dynamo 2-2 Columbus Crew
FC Dallas 2-1 Vancouver Whitecaps
Chicago Fire 1-1 Toronto FC
Colorado Rapids 2-2 Portland Timbers
[Sep 14]
San Jose Earthquakes 1-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
[Sep 19]
Real Salt Lake 5-1 Colorado Rapids
[Sep 20]
Portland Timbers 3-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
Philadelphia Union 0-0 Houston Dynamo
Columbus Crew 1-0 New England Revolution
Montreal Impact 2-0 San Jose Earthquakes
New York Red Bulls 4-1 Seattle Sounders
Chicago Fire 3-3 DC United
Los Angeles Galaxy 2-1 FC Dallas
[Sep 21]
Toronto FC 3-0 Chivas USA
[Sep 24]
FC Dallas 3-1 Seattle Sounders
[Sep 26]
Sporting Kansas City 2-3 New England Revolution
[Sep 27]
Toronto FC 3-2 Portland Timbers
DC United 1-0 Philadelphia Union
Seattle Sounders 4-2 Chivas USA
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-1 Real Salt Lake
Columbus Crew 2-0 Montreal Impact
Colorado Rapids 1-1 San Jose Earthquakes
[Sep 28]
Houston Dynamo 2-0 Chicago Fire
Los Angeles Galaxy 4-0 New York Red Bulls
[Oct 2]
Philadelphia Union 1-1 Chicago Fire
[Oct 3]
DC United 0-0 Sporting Kansas City
[Oct 4]
New York Red Bulls 1-0 Houston Dynamo
Vancouver Whitecaps 2-0 FC Dallas
New England Revolution 2-1 Columbus Crew
Los Angeles Galaxy 3-0 Toronto FC
San Jose Earthquakes 1-2 Portland Timbers
[Oct 5]
Colorado Rapids 1-4 Seattle Sounders
Chicago Fire 0-0 Montreal Impact
Chivas USA 1-0 Real Salt Lake
[Oct 8]
Toronto FC 0-1 Houston Dynamo
Portland Timbers 3-0 San Jose Earthquakes
[Oct 10]
Sporting Kansas City 2-0 Chicago Fire
[Oct 11]
Montreal Impact 2-2 New England Revolution
Seattle Sounders 0-1 Vancouver Whitecaps
New York Red Bulls 3-1 Toronto FC
Philadelphia Union 2-3 Columbus Crew
Real Salt Lake 2-0 San Jose Earthquakes
Chivas USA 2-1 Colorado Rapids
[Oct 12]
Houston Dynamo 1-3 DC United
FC Dallas 2-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
[Oct 16]
Houston Dynamo 1-2 New England Revolution
[Oct 17]
Portland Timbers 0-0 Real Salt Lake
[Oct 18]
Colorado Rapids 0-1 FC Dallas
Toronto FC 1-1 Montreal Impact
DC United 2-1 Chicago Fire
Philadelphia Union 2-1 Sporting Kansas City
San Jose Earthquakes 0-0 Vancouver Whitecaps
[Oct 19]
New York Red Bulls 1-3 Columbus Crew
Los Angeles Galaxy 2-2 Seattle Sounders
[Oct 22]
Real Salt Lake 2-0 Chivas USA
[Oct 24]
Chicago Fire 2-1 Houston Dynamo
[Oct 25]
Montreal Impact 1-1 DC United
Seattle Sounders 2-0 Los Angeles Galaxy
FC Dallas 0-2 Portland Timbers
New England Revolution 1-0 Toronto FC
Vancouver Whitecaps 1-0 Colorado Rapids
[Oct 26]
Chivas USA 1-0 San Jose Earthquakes
Columbus Crew 2-1 Philadelphia Union
Sporting Kansas City 0-2 New York Red Bulls
Final Tables:
Eastern Conference
1.DC United 34 17 8 9 52-37 59 Eastern Semifinals
2.New England Revolution 34 17 4 13 51-46 55 Eastern Semifinals
3.Columbus Crew 34 14 10 10 52-42 52 Eastern Semifinals
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4.New York Red Bulls 34 13 11 10 55-50 50 Wild Card Games
5.Sporting Kansas City 34 14 7 13 48-41 49 Wild Card Games
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6.Philadelphia Union 34 10 12 12 51-51 42
7.Toronto FC 34 11 8 15 44-54 41
8.Houston Dynamo 34 11 6 17 39-58 39
9.Chicago Fire 34 6 18 10 41-51 36
10.Montreal Impact 34 6 10 18 38-58 28
Western Conference
1.Seattle Sounders 34 20 4 10 65-50 64 Western Semifinals
2.Los Angeles Galaxy 34 17 10 7 69-37 61 Western Semifinals
3.Real Salt Lake 34 15 11 8 54-39 56 Western Semifinals
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4.FC Dallas 34 16 6 12 55-45 54 Wild Card Games
5.Vancouver Whitecaps 34 12 14 8 42-40 50 Wild Card Games
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6.Portland Timbers 34 12 13 9 61-52 49
7.Chivas USA 34 9 6 19 29-61 33
8.Colorado Rapids 34 8 8 18 43-62 32
9.San Jose Earthquakes 34 6 12 16 35-50 30
Championship Playoff
Wild Card Games
[Oct 29]
FC Dallas 2-1 Vancouver Whitecaps
[Oct 30]
New York Red Bulls 2-1 Sporting Kansas City
NB: New York Red Bulls enter Eastern Semifinals;
FC Dallas enter Western Semifinals
Eastern Semifinals
First Legs
[Nov 1]
Columbus Crew 2-4 New England Revolution
[Nov 2]
New York Red Bulls 2-0 DC United
Second Legs
[Nov 8]
DC United 2-1 New York Red Bulls
[Nov 9]
New England Revolution 3-1 Columbus Crew
Eastern Conference Final
First Leg [Nov 23]
New York Red Bulls 1-2 New England Revolution
Second Leg [Nov 29]
New England Revolution 2-2 New York Red Bulls
Western Semifinals
First Legs
[Nov 1]
Real Salt Lake 0-0 Los Angeles Galaxy
[Nov 2]
FC Dallas 1-1 Seattle Sounders
Second Legs
[Nov 9]
Los Angeles Galaxy 5-0 Real Salt Lake
[Nov 10]
Seattle Sounders 0-0 FC Dallas
Western Conference Final
First Leg [Nov 23]
Los Angeles Galaxy 1-0 Seattle Sounders
Second Leg [Nov 30]
Seattle Sounders 2-1 Los Angeles Galaxy
MLS Cup 2013
[Dec 7]
Los Angeles Galaxy 2-1 New England Revolution [aet]
Fifth Round [Jun 24] Philadelphia Union 2–1 New York Cosmos [aet] Carolina RailHawks 1–0 Los Angeles Galaxy [aet] Sporting Kansas City 1–3 Portland Timbers Houston Dynamo 2–3 FC Dallas [aet] Colorado Rapids 1–2 Atlanta Silverbacks Seattle Sounders 1–1 San Jose Earthquakes [aet, 4-1 pen] [Jun 25] New England Revolution 2–1 Rochester Rhinos Chicago Fire 4–2 Columbus Crew [aet] Quarterfinals [Jul 8] Philadelphia Union 2–0 New England Revolution [Jul 9] Atlanta Silverbacks 1–3 Chicago Fire Carolina RailHawks 2–5 FC Dallas Seattle Sounders 3–1 Portland Timbers [aet] Semifinals [Aug 12] FC Dallas 1–1 Philadelphia Union [aet, 3-4 pen] [Aug 13] Seattle Sounders 6–0 Chicago Fire Final [Sep 16, Chester, Pennsylvania] Philadelphia Union 1–3 Seattle Sounders [aet]
list of professional first division champions
list of (all) league winners (leaguewise)
list of (all) league winners (yearwise)
Prepared and maintained by Karel Stokkermans for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Author: Karel Stokkermans
Last updated: 16 Jul 2015
(C) Copyright Karel Stokkermans and RSSSF 2014/15
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper
acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.